|
The Australian Dream or Great Australian Dream is a belief that in Australia, home-ownership can lead to a better life and is an expression of success and security. Although this standard of living is enjoyed by many in the existing Australian population, rising house prices compared to average wages are making it increasingly difficult for many to achieve the "great Australian Dream", especially for those living in large cities. It is also noted as having led to urbanisation (or more specifically suburbanisation), causing extensive urban sprawl in the major cities.〔"http://www.adelaidereview.com.au/archives/2004_10_29/issuesandopinion_story3.shtml" Sprawl Consumes All. adelaide.com.au 29 October 2004. URL accessed 5 September 2006.〕 The term itself is derived from the American Dream, which first described the same phenomenon in the United States, starting in the 1940s. In contrast to the Australian Dream, some modern urban planners have emphasized "urban consolidation" and "urban sustainability".〔https://www.griffith.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0018/48600/urp-rp12-searle-2007.pdf〕 This "smart growth" or "iGrowth" involves living in a small apartment instead of a detached home, and using public transport instead of driving a car.〔http://www.sage.unsw.edu.au/currentstudents/ug/projects/Wallace/consolidation.html〕 The key to enforcing "urban consolidation" on an Australian populace who still desire the freedom of their own home and backyard has been planning laws which ban or heavily restrict greenfield development,〔https://www.be.unsw.edu.au/sites/default/files/upload/pdf/schools_and_engagement/resources/_notes/5A4_12.pdf〕 however some have criticised this as leading to extreme house prices〔http://www.newgeography.com/content/00750-sydney-from-world-city-%E2%80%9Csick-man%E2%80%9D-australia〕 == History == The origin of the Australian Dream dates back to the period of reconstruction following World War II. The dream flowered in the 1950s and 1960s due chiefly to the expansion of Australian manufacturing, low unemployment rates, the baby boom and the removal of rent controls.〔''(End of the Great Australian Dream?'' ) (from age.com.au, 14 July 2003. Accessed 5 September 2006)〕 There is some evidence, however, that the vast open spaces of early colonial Australia first instilled the notion in the early generations of Australian families. It was certainly aided by the widespread ownership of the automobile. Even as it was growing, the aspirational dream became an occasional object of ridicule in art and literature, some of the strongest criticism appearing in the mid-1950s paintings of John Brack, the celebrated novels of Australian manners ''They're a Weird Mob'' (1957) by Nino Culotta (John O'Grady) and ''My Brother Jack'' (1964) by George Johnston, and Robin Boyd's fierce critique of Australian architecture ''The Australian Ugliness'' (1960). Typically the Australian Dream focused upon ownership of a detached house (often single storey) on a quarter acre suburban block, surrounded by a garden, which featured in the back a Hills Hoist and a barbecue. Notably, this mirrored the fact that while almost 50% of Australian households owned their homes through the first half of the century, the proportion jumped to more than 70 per cent in the 20 years after World War II. While many Australians saw home ownership as a domestic ideal to aspire to, artists sometimes viewed it as representing a deadening conformism and narrow-mindedness—a critical perspective advanced by Brack's bleak images of uniform box-like houses surrounded by almost identical gardens, as well as Johnston's literary depiction of a rigidly uniform suburbia where neighbours try to police one another's behaviour. If financial independence and the possession of a house were important, the Australian Dream was chiefly identified with embracing a particular lifestyle. Those who had achieved the dream also followed a set of urban rituals, including taking an annual summer holiday by the ocean, living within a nuclear family, as well as—for male bread-winners—weekly lawn-mowing (preferably with a Victa lawn mower) and washing the family car (either a Ford or a Holden) on Saturday mornings. These unspoken yet rigid social customs were actually the focus for the comic novel ''They're a Weird Mob'', a simulated autobiography by a fictitious Italian migrant who struggled to understand the often baffling ways of urban Australians. The novel is resolved when the protagonist adopts the same values by marrying an Australian girl, buying his own quarter acre block, and building his home on it. From the 1970s, the Australian dream expanded to cover possession of a swimming pool in the back-yard, a second family car, and, for the affluent, either ownership of a beach-house or taking an annual overseas holiday. Despite the decline of the Australian Dream due to modern planning policies, house prices and the influence of immigration on demographics and culture, many observers still consider ownership of a dwelling as important to many Australians even if they cannot achieve it. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Australian Dream」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|